Single cell transcriptomics identifies distinct profiles in pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), termed pediatric ARDS (pARDS) in children, is a severe form of acute respiratory failure (ARF). Pathologic immune responses are implicated in pARDS pathogenesis. Here, we present a description of microbial sequencing and single cell gene expression in tracheal aspirates (TAs) obtained longitudinally from infants with ARF. We show reduced interferon stimulated gene (ISG) expression, altered mononuclear phagocyte (MNP) transcriptional programs, and progressive airway neutrophilia associated with unique transcriptional profiles in patients with moderate to severe pARDS compared to those with no or mild pARDS. We additionally show that an innate immune cell product, Folate Receptor 3 (FOLR3), is enriched in moderate or severe pARDS. Our findings demonstrate distinct inflammatory responses in pARDS that are dependent upon etiology and severity and specifically implicate reduced ISG expression, altered macrophage repair-associated transcriptional programs, and accumulation of aged neutrophils in the pathogenesis of moderate to severe pARDS caused by RSV. Paediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (pARDS) is associated with significant mortality and morbidity. Here the authors use single cell sequencing of tracheal aspirate samples from children with pARDS and characterise immune phenotypes and associations with infection stage and pathogen.