Control Scheme of Phase-Shifter for Photon Energy Scan

Variable gap undulator widely used in X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) enables the photon energy scan by changing its gap. A phase-shifter should be incorporated to compensate for the phase mismatch between the electron bunches and X-ray pulses arising while those traverse the drift space between undulator segments. The uncertainties in both the undulator parameter and the drift space distance introduce an error in calculating the optimum gap distance of the phase-shifter for the different undulator K. The phase-shifter gap needs to be set where the error is within the tolerable range. The control scheme we propose can maintain full FEL intensity over the scanned photon energies.