Long-range transport of Asian dust to the Arctic: identification of transport pathways, evolution of aerosol optical properties, and impact assessment on surface albedo changes

Airborne dust is one of the most important natural aerosols; it has various environmental impacts on air quality, ocean fertilization, and the global climate change. Asian dust, representing one of the major dust sources in the world, has been widely studied due to its long-range transport capability. However, its transport to the Arctic has been less investigated. In this study, two typical transport routes were identified based on the recorded dust events in China during 2011–2015. Accordingly, two specific Asian dust long-range transport events were selected and compared, i.e., one observed at Barrow, Alaska (traveled mostly over lands within 6–7 d), and the other one observed at Alert, Canada (traveled mostly over oceans within 7–8 d). The transport routes of the two dust events had been cross-validated by using air mass trajectory modeling, meteorology reanalysis data, ground-based aerosol columnar and profiling observations, and spaceborne remote sensing. It was found that different transport routes to the Arctic had divergent effects on the evolution of aerosol properties, revealing different mixing extents between dust, anthropogenic particles, smoke, and sea salts. Based on the Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiative (SNICAR) model, the albedo simulation indicated that dust and elemental carbon together reduced the surface albedo by 0.35 % to 2.63 % compared to the pure snow condition. This study implied that the dust long-range transport from China to the Arctic was ubiquitous and may be a potential contributor to the Arctic regional climate.