Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) and SMAD4 negatively correlated in the progression of gallbladder cancer in Eastern Indian patients

Two and half percent of the Indian population suffer from gallbladder cancer (GBC). The primary factors that lead GBC are associated with mutation of several protooncogenes such as EGFR, ERBB2, Myc, and CCND1 along with dysregulation of several tumor suppressor genes such as SMAD4 and CDKN2A. Bacterial infection caused by S.typhi and H.pylori are also hypothesized to be potential factors driving GBC. This study aims to investigate the molecular mechanisms driving the progression of gallbladder adenocarcinoma in Eastern Indian patients. We specifically focussed on analyzing the mutational status of the KRAS gene, examining the amplification of the ERBB2/Her2-neu gene, and evaluating the expression patterns of six dysregulated genes (CCND1, MYC, EGFR, ERBB2/Her2-neu, CDKN2A, SMAD4). Additionally, we assessed the expression status of TGF-beta, the association between bacterial infections (S. Typhi and H. pylori) and GBC, and the impact of single nucleotide polymorphisms in ERBB2/Her2-neu and CCND1 genes within this population. Sixty-seven samples from GBC-diagnosed patients, 26 other unrelated GBC samples for validation cohort, and 68 gallstone tissue samples were collected for this study. Genomic DNA from normal as well as tumor tissues were isolated, exon 2 and exon 3 of KRAS gene were amplified along, DNA sequenced and analyzed. KRAS codon 12 mutation was detected by allele specific PCR (ASPCR) method. Amplification of UreC A (coding for urease subunit α), VacA (coding for Vacuolating cytotoxin A) and CagA genes (coding for cytotoxin-associated gene A) in H.pylori were amplified using PCR. Similarly, FlicC (coding for flagellin gene C) in S.typhi was amplified using PCR. The ERBB2/Her2-neu SNP I655V, and CCND1 SNP A870G were analyzed using PCR followed by RFLP. Expression studies of CCND1, Myc, CDKN2A, ERBB2/Her2-neu, EGFR, and SMAD4 genes were measured in GBC tumor tissues by sybr green quantitative RT PCR. The oncogenes (EGFR and ERBB2/Her2-neu) were statistically significantly overexpressed and the tumor suppressor gene (SMAD4) downregulated in our GBC tumor patient samples. The EGFR and SMAD4 genes were negatively correlated (r = -0.01) in GBC patients and the data is statistically significant and validated through IHC technique. A significant downregulation of TGF-beta had also been observed. Lower frequency (i.e. 11.5%) of KRAS mutation in GBC tumor was observed. EGFR and SMAD4 expression were found to be negatively correlated in GBC tissue samples.