Monitoring of Indoor Farming of Lettuce Leaves for 16 Hours Using Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) and Double-Shell Model (DSM)

An electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) experiment was performed using a double-shell electrical model to investigate the feasibility of detecting physiological changes in lettuce leaves over 16 h. Four lettuce plants were used, and the impedance spectra of the leaves were measured five times per plant every hour at frequencies of 500 Hz and 300 kHz. Estimated parameters were computed, and the results show that the lettuce leaves closely fit the double-shell model (DSM). The average resistance ratios of = 10.66 and = 3.34 show high resistance in the extracellular fluid (ECF). A rapid increase in resistance ( , , and ) and a decrease in capacitance ( and ) during water uptake were observed. In contrast, a gradual decrease in resistance and an increase in capacitance were observed while the LED light was on. Comparative studies of leaf physiology and electrical value changes support the idea that EIS is a great technique for the early monitoring of plant growth for crop production.