Respiratory Bordetella bronchiseptica Carriage is Associated with Broad Phenotypic Alterations of Peripheral CD4⁺CD25⁺ T Cells and Differentially Affects Immune Responses to Secondary Non-Infectious and Infectious Stimuli in Mice
The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the environment and displays a favorable niche for colonizing microorganisms. However, the effects of respiratory bacterial carriage on the immune system and its implications for secondary responses remain largely unclear. We have employed respiratory c...
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Veröffentlicht in: | International journal of molecular sciences 2018-09, Vol.19 (9), p.2602 |
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Sprache: | eng |
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Zusammenfassung: | The respiratory tract is constantly exposed to the environment and displays a favorable niche for colonizing microorganisms. However, the effects of respiratory bacterial carriage on the immune system and its implications for secondary responses remain largely unclear. We have employed respiratory carriage with
as the underlying model to comprehensively address effects on subsequent immune responses. Carriage was associated with the stimulation of
-specific CD4⁺, CD8⁺, and CD4⁺CD25⁺Foxp3⁺ T cell responses, and broad transcriptional activation was observed in CD4⁺CD25⁺ T cells. Importantly, transfer of leukocytes from carriers to acutely
infected mice, resulted in a significantly increased bacterial burden in the recipient's upper respiratory tract. In contrast, we found that respiratory
carriage resulted in a significant benefit for the host in systemic infection with
Adaptive responses to vaccination and influenza A virus infection, were unaffected by
carriage. These data showed that there were significant immune modulatory processes triggered by
carriage, that differentially affect subsequent immune responses. Therefore, our results demonstrated the complexity of immune regulation induced by respiratory bacterial carriage, which can be beneficial or detrimental to the host, depending on the pathogen and the considered compartment. |
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ISSN: | 1422-0067 1661-6596 1422-0067 |
DOI: | 10.3390/ijms19092602 |