Soil characteristics under dominant agroforestry systems along toposequence of Gedeo, Southeastern Ethiopia

Soil fertility is important in influencing productivity in agroecosystems. The interaction of trees and crops in different agroforestry systems considerably affects soil fertility and crop productivity. Information on the effect of different land-use systems on soil physicochemical properties in the Gedeo, Southern Ethiopia is insufficient. Therefore, the objective of this study was to examine the influence of three different types of agroforestry systems (Home garden/HG/, Ficha system/FS/, and Parkland/PL/) on soil physicochemical properties. The soil sample was investigated in two soil depths (0–30 cm and 30–60 cm), and a total of 54 composite samples representing different agroforestry systems. The result revealed that the soil pH of HG and FS had significantly higher (P