Identification of the γ-glutamyl cycle as a novel therapeutic target and 5-oxoproline as a new biomarker for diagnosing pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal malignant solid tumours, and abnormal metabolic reprogramming in the tumour microenvironment is regarded as an important contributor to its pathogenesis. As there is an urgency to identify new targets based on the metabolic features that are highly refractory to PDAC treatment, this study aimed to identify suitable therapeutic targets for PDAC. In this study, gene set enrichment and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses were performed on 163 PDAC tissue samples and 165 normal pancreatic tissue samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression databases to identify alterations in critical metabolites that may contribute to PDAC pathogenesis. Furthermore, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was performed to identify significant metabolic pathways between 24 pairs of tumour and adjacent non-tumour tissues and between serum samples from PDAC patients and healthy donors. Fifty-one tissue metabolites and 26 serum metabolites were altered in PDAC. Among them, those in the γ-glutamyl cycle were the most substantially changed, and 5-oxoproline was the biomarker of PDAC with the most significantly decreased levels. The γ-glutamyl cycle and 5-oxoproline might be potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to improve the diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis of PDAC.