Sandwich spatial saturation for neuromelanin-sensitive MRI: Development and multi-center trial

•Novel neuromelanin imaging method, SandwichNM, is proposed by using a product sequence with spatial saturation pulses for MT weighting.•SandwichNM provides high-quality and high-contrast neuromelanin images compared to conventional neuromelanin imaging methods.•In the multivendor study, SandwichNM results display consistently high contrast across scanners from different vendors. Neuromelanin (NM)-sensitive MRI using a magnetization transfer (MT)-prepared T1-weighted sequence has been suggested as a tool to visualize NM contents in the brain. In this study, a new NM-sensitive imaging method, sandwichNM, is proposed by utilizing the incidental MT effects of spatial saturation RF pulses in order to generate consistent high-quality NM images using product sequences. The spatial saturation pulses are located both superior and inferior to the imaging volume, increasing MT weighting while avoiding asymmetric MT effects. When the parameters of the spatial saturation were optimized, sandwichNM reported a higher NM contrast ratio than those of conventional NM-sensitive imaging methods with matched parameters for comparability with sandwichNM (SandwichNM: 23.6 ± 5.4%; MT-prepared TSE: 20.6 ± 7.4%; MT-prepared GRE: 17.4 ± 6.0%). In a multi-vendor experiment, the sandwichNM images displayed higher means and lower standard deviations of the NM contrast ratio across subjects in all three vendors (SandwichNM vs. MT-prepared GRE; Vendor A: 28.4 ± 1.5% vs. 24.4 ± 2.8%; Vendor B: 27.2 ± 1.0% vs. 13.3 ± 1.3%; Vendor C: 27.3 ± 0.7% vs. 20.1 ± 0.9%). For each subject, the standard deviations of the NM contrast ratio across the vendors were substantially lower in SandwichNM (SandwichNM vs. MT-prepared GRE; subject 1: 1.5% vs. 8.1%, subject 2: 1.1 % vs. 5.1%, subject 3: 0.9% vs. 4.0%, subject 4: 1.1% vs. 5.3%), demonstrating consistent contrasts across the vendors. The proposed method utilizes product sequences, requiring no alteration of a sequence and, therefore, may have a wide practical utility in exploring the NM imaging.