Production yields of + emitters for range verification in proton therapy

In-vivo Positron Emission Tomography (PET) range verification relies on the comparison of the measured and estimated activity distributions from β + emitters induced by the proton beam on the most abundant elements in the human body, right after (looking at the long-lived β + emitters 11 C, 13 N and 15 O) or during (looking at the short-lived β + emitters 29 P, 12 N, 38 m K and 10 C) the irradiation. The accuracy of the estimated activity distributions is basically that of the underlying cross section data. In this context, the aim of this work is to improve the knowledge of the production yields of β + emitters of interest in proton therapy. In order to measure the long-lived β + isotopes, a new method has been developed combining the multi-foil technique with the measurement of the induced activity with a clinical PET scanner. This technique has been tested successfully below 18 MeV at CNA (Spain) and will be used at a clinical beam to obtain data up to 230 MeV. However, such method does not allow measuring the production short-lived isotopes (lower half-life). For this, the proposed method combines a series of targets sandwiched between aluminum foils (acting as both degraders and converters) placed between two LaBr 3 detectors that will measure the pairs of 511 keV γ -rays. The first tests will take place at the AGOR facility at KVI-CART, in Groningen.