Food sources, energy and nutrient intakes of adults: 2013 Philippines National Nutrition Survey

Comprehensive assessment of dietary intakes of foods and nutrients in Filipino adults are lacking. This study evaluated energy and nutrient intakes and food sources of key nutrients consumed by Filipino adults. The participants were from the 2013 National Nutrition Survey wherein food intake of young adults aged 19-49 years (n = 12,896) and older adults aged 50 years and above (n = 7853) were collected using 24-h recalls. Usual nutrient intakes were estimated using PC-SIDE program. The Philippines Dietary Reference Intakes were used to calculate proportions of inadequate intake using Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) and Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges (AMDR). Energy adequacy was evaluated using the Institute of Medicine (IOM) equation for Estimated Energy Requirements (EER). The nutrient intakes with the highest prevalence of inadequacy (> 50%) were: iron (97-99%), vitamin C (96-98%), calcium (95-98%), riboflavin (86-91%), folate (89-90%), thiamine (73-89%), energy (67-70%), total fat (55-67%), and vitamin A (54-56%). Refined rice, pork and breads contributed most to daily intakes of energy, protein, carbohydrates, thiamine, riboflavin, and iron. Low intake of vegetables, fruits and dairy was common in both age groups. This study demonstrated that intakes of many nutrients were markedly inadequate among adults in the Philippines, due to the rice-dominant dietary pattern with few nutrient-dense foods. These results can be used to support the development of specific interventions to improve the shortfalls in nutrient intakes.