Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of 5-Fluorouracil-Loaded Calcium Carbonate Nanoparticles Combined with Natural Compound Thymoquinone for Colon Cancer Treatment

Given the need for novel and effective therapies for colon cancer, this study aimed to investigate the effects of 5-fluorouracil-loaded calcium carbonate nanoparticles (5FU-CaCO np) combined with thymoquinone (TQ) against colon cancer. A shaking incubator and a high-speed homogenizer were used to prepare the optimal 5FU-CaCO np, with characterizations of physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release profile, and biocompatibility. In vitro experiments and molecular docking were employed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of the combination for colon cancer treatment. Study results revealed that 5FU-CaCO np with a size of approximately 130 nm was synthesized using the high-speed homogenizer. Its favorable biocompatibility, pH sensitivity, and sustained release properties facilitated reduced toxic side effects of 5-FU on NIH3T3 normal cells and enhanced inhibitory effects on CT26 colon cancer cells. The combination of 5FU-CaCO np (1.875 μM) and TQ (30 μM) showed significantly superior anti-colon cancer effects to 5FU-CaCO np alone in terms of cell proliferation and migration inhibition, cell apoptosis induction, and spheroid growth suppression in CT26 cells ( < 0.05), with strong interactions between the drugs and targets (E-cadherin, Bcl-2, PCNA, and MMP-2). These results provide evidence for 5FU-CaCO np as a novel regimen against colon cancer. Combining 5FU-CaCO np and TQ may offer a new perspective for colon cancer therapy.