Identification and Characterization of a Novel Chromosomal Aminoglycoside 2 '-N-Acetyltransferase, AAC(2 ')-If, From an Isolate of a Novel Providencia Species, Providencia wenzhouensis R33

Multidrug-resistant bacteria from different sources have been steadily emerging, and an increasing number of resistance mechanisms are being uncovered. In this work, we characterized a novel resistance gene named aac(2 & PRIME;)-If from an isolate of a novel Providencia species, Providencia wenzhouensis R33 (CCTCC AB 2021339). Susceptibility testing and enzyme kinetic parameter analysis were conducted to determine the function of the aminoglycoside 2 & PRIME;-N-acetyltransferase. Whole-genome sequencing and comparative genomic analysis were performed to elucidate the molecular characteristics of the genome and the genetic context of the resistance gene-related sequences. Among the functionally characterized resistance genes, AAC(2 & PRIME;)-If shares the highest amino acid sequence identity of 70.79% with AAC(2 & PRIME;)-Ia. AAC(2 & PRIME;)-If confers resistance to several aminoglycoside antibiotics, showing the highest resistance activity against ribostamycin and neomycin. The recombinant strain harboring aac(2 & PRIME;)-If (pUCP20-aac(2 & PRIME;)-If/DH5 alpha) showed 256- and 128-fold increases in the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) levels to ribostamycin and neomycin, respectively, compared with those of the control strains (DH5 alpha and pUCP20/DH5 alpha). The results of the kinetic analysis of AAC(2 & PRIME;)-If were consistent with the MIC results of the cloned aac(2 & PRIME;)-If with the highest catalytic efficiency for ribostamycin (k(cat)/K-m ratio = [3.72 & PLUSMN; 0.52] x 10(4) M(-1)(.)s(-1)). Whole-genome sequencing demonstrated that the aac(2 & PRIME;)-If gene was located on the chromosome with a relatively unique genetic environment. Identification of a novel aminoglycoside resistance gene in a strain of a novel Providencia species will help us find ways to elucidate the complexity of resistance mechanisms in the microbial population.