Copper, Uranium and REE Mineralisation in an Exhumed Oil Reservoir, Southwest Orkney, Scotland

Copper, uranium, and rare earth element (REE) mineralisation occurs in hydrocarbon-bearing Devonian continental sandstones in southwest Orkney, Scotland. The aeolian Yesnaby Sandstone Formation and fluvial Harra Ebb Sandstone Formation were mineralised following oil emplacement. The REE-bearing APS mineral florencite is particularly associated with bituminous nodules, many of which contain brannerite. Subsequently hydrothermal copper and other sulphides, and barite, further mineralised the oil reservoir at a temperature of ~190 °C. Oil was mobilised through mineralised fractures at this stage. Biodegradation of the oil occurred later, following the Carboniferous-Permian uplift. The occurrence confirms that Cu-APS mineralisation is possible in relatively low-temperature regimes in sedimentary basins.