Association of inflammation/nutrition-based indicators with Parkinson's disease and mortality

The study explores the association between inflammation/nutrition-based indicators, Parkinson's disease (PD), and all-cause mortality among adult participants. The analysis included 38,091 participants from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999-2018. Inflammation/nutrition-based indicators were derived from a comprehensive set of parameters, including neutrophil-albumin ratio (NAR), prognostic nutritional index (PNI), monocyte-albumin ratio (MAR), red cell distribution width-albumin ratio (RAR), hemoglobin, albumin, lymphocyte, and platelet (HALP) score, advanced lung cancer inflammation index (ALI), geriatric nutrition risk index (GNRI), and controlling nutritional status (CONUT) score. PD status was determined based on self-reported anti-parkinsonian medication use. Mortality data were obtained from the National Death Index, linked up to December 30, 2019. After multivariate adjustment, all inflammation/nutrition-based indicators showed significant associations with all-cause mortality among adult participants. The random survival forest emphasized the importance of inflammation/nutrition-based indicators and their components in predicting mortality, with PNI and RAR being the most important indicators for predicting all-cause mortality. Individuals with PD have a significantly higher risk of all-cause mortality compared to those without PD (HR = 1.747 [1.363-2.238], < 0.001) among adults. Additionally, elevated levels of inflammation/nutrition-based indicators are associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality among individuals with PD compared to those without PD. This suggested a synergistic effect of PD and elevated levels of inflammatory/nutritional indicators on mortality risk. Specifically, individuals with PD and elevated NAR (HR = 2.066 [1.398-3.052], < 0.001), MAR (HR = 2.249 [1.612-3.138], < 0.001), RAR (HR = 1.617 [1.179-2.218], = 0.003), ALI (HR = 1.763 [1.225-2.537], = 0.002) and CONUT (HR = 2.221 [1.434-3.440], < 0.001), and not elevated PNI (HR = 1.771 [1.295-2.423], < 0.001), HALP (HR = 1.738 [1.242-2.432], = 0.001), and GNRI (HR = 2.689 [1.898-3.811], < 0.001) have a substantially higher risk of mortality compared to those without PD. Inflammation and nutrition status play crucial roles in predicting all-cause mortality among adults, particularly in the context of PD. The study underscores the importance of considering both factors in mortality risk assessment and provides valuable insights for future rese