Literature Review of Energy Management in Combined Heat and Power Systems Based on High-Temperature Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells for Residential Comfort Applications

Combined heat and power technologies represent an efficient way to ensure energy efficiency, as they promote usage of both electrical and thermal energy, something not done by most traditional energy sources, especially in residential environments. In this context, high-temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells allow the implementation of combined heat and power systems. Additionally, in this environment, fuel cells are more efficient and less polluting than their traditional counterparts. We present a literature review of energy management in residential systems based on this type of fuel cell. In addition, we classify and detail the current state of fuel cell technologies, paying special attention to their characteristics, mathematical modelling and control, as well as combined heat and power systems and energy management strategies.