Architect, Engineer or Builder? A history of professional demarcation through practice and discourse, Pune (India) 1930-1992

Figure 1: Architect U.M. Apte (top left) on the building site of Western India House, headquarters of the former Western India Life Insurance Comp any, Lakshmi Road, Pune, early 1950s. Source: private collection of Kiran Apte. In India, qualified architects are the “youngest” of the many building-trades professionals in charge of the design and construction of buildings. By the time the first diploma in architecture was awarded in Bombay (now Mumbai) in 1917, generations of Indians had estab...