A fuel consumption model for mixed traffic flow in multiple connected and autonomous scenarios

The potential increase/decrease in energy consumption of traffic operation modes is a hot topic in the studies of connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs), but there are few theoretical studies on the fuel consumption of human driving vehicles (HDVs) and CAV mixed platoon as a result of limited data. Based on the power distribution of light‐duty vehicles, this study developed a fuel consumption model for HDV and CAV mixed platoons by theoretical hypothesis considering the oscillation along with the platoon. Firstly, a vehicle‐specific power (VSP) distribution conforming to normal distribution is constructed with hypothesis‐based VSP standard deviation and constant VSP average value at each speed bin under different platoon arrangement conditions. Then, the fuel factors (mL/km) are calculated by weighted fuel rate (mL/s) according to the VSP distribution. Finally, a library of fuel consumption values for multiple penetration rates, platoon intensities, and speeds was established. In the case, at a speed of 30 km/h, the fuel consumption in the CAV group was reduced by 0.8–5%, 1.9–12.5%, 8.6–12%, and 12.4%, respectively, at the penetration rate of 20%, 50%, 80%, and 100%, compared to the HDV group. The fuel consumption reduction effect of CAV was negatively correlated with the speed. Based on the power distribution of light‐duty vehicles, this study developed a fuel consumption model for HDV and CAV mixed platoon by theoretical hypothesis considering the oscillation along with the platoon. A library of fuel consumption profiles was established for multiple penetration rates, platoon intensities, and speeds.