Review of Recent Advancement on Nature/Bio-Inspired Antenna Designs

This article presents an extensive examination of antennas rooted in nature and biology, showcasing their remarkable performance across a wide spectrum of frequencies-from microwave to terahertz. The limitations of traditional antenna design have become increasingly evident in the face of burgeoning demands for novel communication technologies. Conventional analytical-equation-based approaches struggle to deliver the combined performance characteristics- encompassing bandwidth, gain, radiation pattern, and miniaturization- that emerging technologies necessitate. This has fueled an interest in bio-inspired antenna designs, a paradigm shift drawing inspiration from the ingenious structural solutions found in the living and non-living world, from plant leaves to bird feathers. These bio-inspired designs offer distinct advantages such as broader bandwidth and reduced sizes, making them highly appealing alternatives to the limitations of conventional antenna designs. This review explores a diverse range of bio-inspired designs. Among them are fractal geometries, inspired by self-repeating patterns in nature, which achieve optimal performance. Numerous designs in this category draw inspiration from nature, incorporating patterns observed in snowflakes, tree branches, clouds, and butterflies. Furthermore, nano-antennas have attracted significant attention for their vast potential applications in microwave and optical frequencies, playing a pivotal role in high-resolution spectroscopy, biomedical diagnosis and sensing, quantum photonics, and solar cell applications. By examining design methodologies and potential benefits, this article highlights the transformative potential of nature-inspired antennas. The compelling advantages of bio-inspired approaches necessitate a thorough exploration of their potential, paving the way for the development of next-generation communication systems with unprecedented capabilities.