Emotional reactivity to daily events in adolescents with clinical depression and subthreshold depression: an experience sampling study

IntroductionAdolescents with depression have distinct affective reactions to daily events, but current research is controversial. The emotional context insensitivity theory suggests blunted reactivity in depression, whereas the hypotheses of negative potentiation and mood brightening effect suggest otherwise. While nonlinear associations between depression severity and affective reactivity have been observed, studies with a separate subclinical group remain rare. Subthreshold depression (SD), defined by two to four symptoms lasting for two weeks or more, provides a dimensional view to the underpinnings of affective reactivity. In this study, we compared positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA) reactivity to positive and negative daily events (uplifts and stress) among adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), SD and healthy controls (HC) using experience sampling methods (ESM).ObjectivesWe hypothesized a stepped difference in affective reactivity along the depression spectrum: the MDD group will have the strongest reactivity of PA and NA to uplifts and stress, followed by SD and HC.MethodsThree groups (MDD, SD, and HC) of adolescents were recruited from an epidemiologic sample entitled ‘Hong Kong Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Epidemiologic Survey: Age 6 to 17’. Group status was determined by the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children Version 5. They completed an experience sampling diary on smartphone for 14 consecutive days, with 5-10 entries per day. Momentary levels of PA (happy, relaxed, contented), NA (irritated, low, nervous), uplifts and stress experienced before the entry were measured on a 1-7 Likert scale.ResultsThe sample consisted of 19 adolescents with MDD, 30 with SD, and 59 HC. The M:F ratio was 17:19. The age range was 12-18 with a mean of 14.8. The overall ESM completion rate was 46%. The MDD group had the highest levels of stress and NA, and the lowest levels of uplifts and PA, followed by the SD and HC groups respectively (p