Seasonal Influence on the Impact of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) on Testicular Haemodynamics and Hormonal Responses in Canines: A Comparative Study

ABSTRACT Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is widely used to treat reproductive dysfunction by enhancing testicular blood flow and stimulating hormonal activity. This study investigates the seasonal variations in the response to hCG treatment in male dogs, focusing on its effects on testicular blood flow and plasma concentrations of testosterone and oestrogen. Conducted across different seasons (spring, summer, fall and winter), the study utilised colour Doppler ultrasonography to measure testicular haemodynamics and analysed hormonal levels at multiple time points post‐hCG injection. The findings revealed that the response to hCG is modulated by seasonal factors, with significant variations in both blood flow and hormone levels. A significant negative relationship was indicated between testicular blood flow and testosterone levels, particularly during spring and summer. These results suggest that seasonality should be considered when administering hCG for reproductive treatments in canines. This study explores the seasonal influence of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) on testicular blood flow and hormonal responses in male dogs. Seasonal variations significantly affect both testicular haemodynamics and hormone levels post‐hCG treatment, with spring and summer showing greater improvements in blood flow and heightened testosterone and oestrogen responses. These findings emphasise the importance of considering seasonality when administering reproductive treatments in canines, optimising timing for enhanced fertility outcomes .