Nut and peanut butter consumption and risk of prostate cancer in the NIH‐AARP diet and health study

Abbreviations AARP American Association of Retired Persons BMI body mass index CI confidence interval HR hazard ratio IQR interquartile range MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid NIH National Institutes of Health PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid RR risk ratio US United States Dear Editor, Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men worldwide and leading cancer in incidence among men in the United States (US). Given the limited and inconsistent findings, we examined nut (“peanuts, walnuts, seeds, or other nuts”) and peanut butter (“peanut butter or other nut butter”) consumption in relation to prostate cancer risk in the prospective National Institutes of Health-American Association of Retired Persons (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study cohort. TABLE 1 Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of prostate cancer according to nut intake among participants † Nut Intake (n = 171,179) Peanut Butter Intake (n = 171,523) Characteristic None Tertile 1 Tertile 2 Tertile 3 P-trend ‡ Continuous †† None Tertile 1 Tertile 2 Tertile 3 P-trend ‡ Continuous ‡‡ Median nut intake, g/1000 kcal 0 0.12 0.57 2.55 N/A N/A 0 0.15 0.78 3.71 N/A N/A Person-years, n 162,143 601,356 602,350 624,987 N/A N/A 448,342 520,013 505,046 520,897 N/A N/A Overall Cases (n) 1,390 5,667 5,654 5,707 N/A N/A 4,055 4,842 4,703 4,850 N/A N/A Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) § 1 1.11 (1.05-1.18) 1.12 (1.06-1.19) 1.08 (1.02-1.14) 0.41 0.99 (0.99-1.00) 1 1.04 (1.00-1.09) 1.04 (0.99-1.08) 1.03 (0.98-1.07) 0.93 0.96 (0.90-1.02) Multivariable-Adjusted HR (95% CI) ¶ 1 1.05 (0.99-1.11) 1.05 (0.99-1.11) 1.00 (0.95-1.07) 0.04 0.99 (0.98-1.00) 1 1.03 (0.98-1.07) 1.02 (0.98-1.07) 1.02 (0.98-1.07) 0.77 0.97 (0.91-1.03) Localized Cases (n) 129 476 488 482 N/A N/A 357 415 407 401 N/A N/A Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) § 1 0.96 (0.79-1.17) 0.98 (0.81-1.19) 0.93 (0.77-1.13) 0.44 0.98 (0.96-1.01) 1 0.99 (0.86-1.14) 1.01 (0.88-1.17) 0.97 (0.84-1.12) 0.60 0.99 (0.80-1.23) Multivariable-Adjusted HR (95% CI) ¶ 1 0.87 (0.72-1.06) 0.88 (0.72-1.07) 0.83 (0.68-1.01) 0.18 0.99 (0.96-1.01) 1 0.98 (0.85-1.13) 0.99 (0.86-1.15) 0.96 (0.83-1.11) 0.62 1.01 (0.82-1.26) Advanced Cases (n) 146 618 629 637 N/A N/A 431 551 500 555 N/A N/A Age-Adjusted HR (95% CI) § 1 1.15 (0.96-1.38) 1.18 (0.99-1.42) 1.14 (0.95-1.37) 0.86 1.00 (0.98-1.02) 1 1.12 (0.99-1.27) 1.04 (0.91-1.18) 1.11 (0.97-1.25) 0.37 1.01 (0.84-1.21) Multivariable-Adjusted HR (95% CI) ¶ 1 1.11 (0.92-1.33) 1.13 (0.94-1.36) 1.09 (0.90-1.30) 0.84 1.00 (0.98-1.02) 1 1.10 (0.97-1.25) 1.