Dimethomorph induces heart and vascular developmental defects by disrupting thyroid hormone in zebrafish embryos

Dimethomorph (DMT) is a widely-used selective active fungicide that effectively controls downy mildew, crown rot, and late blight in crops. The extensive application of DMT raises concerns about its ecological impact on non-target organisms in the environment. However, there is limited understanding of the toxicological properties of DMT on these organisms. In this study, we utilized zebrafish as an animal model to assess the toxicity of DMT induced by exposure 5.5–72 hours post-fertilization (hpf). During this period, we monitored and evaluated the development of the zebrafish heart and vascular system. Additionally, embryo samples were collected to perform molecular-level detection of PCNA, oxidative stress, and related genes. The results showed a concentration-dependent decrease in survival rate and hatching rate, shortened body length, slowed heart rate, and pericardial edema, body curvature and reduced eye size as DMT exposure concentration increased. Furthermore, DMT exposure led to impairments in the development of the heart, vascular, along with change in the expression levels of relevant genes. It also caused a decrease in cell proliferation and an increase in oxidative stress levels. Moreover, DMT disrupts the normal development of thyroid follicular cells, leading to a reduction in T3 levels. Thyroid hormone supplementation partially reverses the toxicity induced by DMT, increasing eye size, restoring body length, reducing spine curvature, and reducing pericardial edema. Therefore, we speculate that DMT likely affects the development of zebrafish embryos by disrupting normal thyroid follicle development. [Display omitted] •DMT exposure causes abnormal development of heart, vascular and disrupted related gene expression levels of zebrafish.•DMT exposure can lead to an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in cell proliferation.•DMT causes developmental defects by affecting the normal development of the thyroid gland of zebrafish.•T3/T4 can rescue the cardiotoxicity induced by DMT.