Beyond individual, population, and community: Considering information, cell number, and energy flux as fundamental dimensions of life across scales

We suggest rethinking ecology as a set of continuous, interconnected dynamics and spatial networks that would represent an alternative framework to the traditional organizational levels—cell, organism, population, community, and ecosystem. We draw on unifying biological theories—information theory, cell theory, and metabolic theories—to propose a continuous space for living systems that avoids epistemological constraints imposed by a priori assumptions of discrete levels of biological organization. The discrete levels of organization that ecologists have traditionally envisioned can be viewed instead as coarse-grained, localized groupings within continuous dimensions of information (I), cell number (C), and energy flux (E). Moving from levels of organization to emergent properties of information, cells, and energy flux allows us to illustrate how diverse ecological and evolutionary phenomena—such as allometric and diversity-related scaling patterns, predator-prey dynamics, evolutionary trajectories, and alternative stable states—can be represented within the same continuum. We suggest that there may be structure within this information-cells-energetic flux (ICE) framework that unifies ecology from the beginning of life to the present and provides a useful lens through which patterns and processes in nature can be viewed.