Stereotactic biopsy for adult brainstem lesions: A surgical approach and its diagnostic value according to the 2016 World Health Organization Classification

Background The brainstem has the critical role of regulating cardiac and respiratory function and it also provides motor and sensory function to the face via the cranial nerves. Despite the observation of a brainstem lesion in a radiological examination, it is difficult to obtain tissues for a pathological diagnosis because of the location and small volume of the brainstem. Thus, we aimed to share our 6‐year experience with stereotactic biopsies from brainstem lesions and confirm the value and safety of stereotactic biopsy on this highly eloquent area in this study. Methods We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 42 adult patients who underwent stereotactic biopsy on brainstem lesions from 2015 to 2020. The radiological findings, surgical records, pathological diagnosis, and postoperative complications of all patients were analyzed. Results Histopathological diagnoses were made in 40 (95.2%) patients. Astrocytic tumors were diagnosed in 29 (69.0%) patients, diffuse large B cell lymphoma in 5 (11.9%) patients, demyelinating disease in 4 (9.5%) patients, germinoma in 1 (2.4%) patient, and radiation necrosis in 1 (2.4%) patient. In the 40 patients with successful stereotactic biopsy, 10 (25.0%) patients had inconsistent preoperative radiological diagnosis and postoperative pathological diagnosis. In addition, there was a difference between the treatments prescribed by the radiological and pathological diagnoses in 8 out of 10 patients whose diagnoses changed after biopsy. There was no operative mortality among the 42 patients. Conclusions A pathological diagnosis can be made safely and efficiently in brainstem lesions using stereotactic biopsy. This pathological diagnosis will enable patients to receive appropriate treatment. Three approaches to stereotactic biopsy for brainstem and a Venn diagram showing the location of 42 brainstem lesion that performed stereotactic biopsy.