Assessing the risk of prenatal depressive symptoms in Chinese women: an integrated evaluation of serum metabolome, multivitamin supplement intake, and clinical blood indicators

Prenatal depressive symptoms (PDS) is a serious public health problem. This study aimed to develop an integrated panel and nomogram to assess at-risk populations by examining the association of PDS with the serum metabolome, multivitamin supplement intake, and clinical blood indicators. This study comprised 221 pregnant women, categorized into PDS and non-PDS groups based on the Edinburgh postnatal depression scale. The participants were divided into training and test sets according to their enrollment time. We conducted logistic regression analysis to identify risk factors, and employed liquid chromatography/high resolution mass spectrometry-based serum metabolome analysis to identify metabolic biomarkers. Multiple factor analysis was used to combine risk factors, clinical blood indicators and key metabolites, and then a nomogram was developed to estimate the probability of PDS. We identified 36 important differential serum metabolites as PDS biomarkers, mainly involved in amino acid metabolism and lipid metabolism. Multivitamin intake works as a protective factor for PDS. The nomogram model, including multivitamin intake, HDL-C and three key metabolites (histidine, estrone and valylasparagine), exhibited an AUC of 0.855 in the training set and 0.774 in the test set, and the calibration curves showed good agreement, indicating that the model had good stability. Our approach integrates multiple models to identify metabolic biomarkers for PDS, ensuring their robustness. Furthermore, the inclusion of dietary factors and clinical blood indicators allows for a comprehensive characterization of each participant. The analysis culminated in an intuitive nomogram based on multimodal data, displaying potential performance in initial PDS risk assessment.