Cannabis sativa L. essential oil: Chemical composition, anti-oxidant, anti-microbial properties, and acute toxicity: In vitro, in vivo, and in silico study

This study evaluated the volatile components of L. essential oils (CSEOs) and their pharmacological potential , in animal, and . The anti-oxidant capacities of volatile compounds were tested using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), total anti-oxidant capacity (TAC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Anti-microbial activity against bacterial and fungal strains was assessed using disk diffusion and micro-dilution, and acute toxicity was examined on mice using OECD 423 criteria. The results indicate that the main components were β-caryophyllene (31.54%), α-humulene (12.62%), β-myrcene (4.83%), and α-pinene (4.69%). The essential oil showed high anti-oxidant ability (IC = 0.981 ± 0.059 mg/ml for DPPH, EC = 1.74 ± 0.05 for FRAP), and TAC of 0.101 ± 0.001 mg AAE/g. Additionally, it showed significant antibacterial action against Gram-negative organisms, such as (11.33 ± 0.00 mm), (9 ± 0.00 mm), and (9.34 ± 0.00), with MICs ranging from 0.0052 to 0.0208 mg/CSEO demonstrated antifungal activity against and , with activity levels of 18.66 ± 0.88 mm, 41.89 ± 3.60%, and MICs of 0.39 and 0.013 mg/ml, respectively. In toxicological studies, CSEO proved to be safe for animals. Docking identified bioactive components and explored anti-oxidant and antibacterial properties. Docking proved that bulnesol and champacol caused indicated actions.