Patch‐scale edge effects do not indicate landscape‐scale fragmentation effects

Negative landscape‐scale fragmentation effects are often inferred from negative patch‐scale edge effects. I tested this cross‐scale extrapolation using two evaluations. First, I searched for studies that estimated the direction of both a patch‐scale edge effect and a landscape‐scale fragmentation effect. The directions were concordant and discordant in 55% and 45% of cases, respectively. Second, I extracted from the literature a sample of landscape‐scale fragmentation effects on individual species. Then, for each species I searched for studies from which I could calculate the slope of its patch‐scale edge effect. Species showing negative patch‐scale edge effects were nearly equally likely to show negative or positive landscape‐scale fragmentation effects, and likewise for species showing positive patch‐scale edge effects. The results mean that the efficacy of policies related to habitat fragmentation cannot be inferred from observed patch‐scale edge effects. Such policies require landscape‐scale evidence, comparing species' responses in landscapes with different levels of fragmentation.