Lessons and gaps in the prediction and prevention of type 1 diabetes

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a serious chronic autoimmune condition. Even though the root cause of T1D development has yet to be determined, enough is known about the natural history of T1D pathogenesis to allow study of interventions that may delay or even prevent the onset of hyperglycemia and clinical T1D. Primary prevention aims to prevent the onset of beta cell autoimmunity in asymptomatic people at high genetic risk for T1D. Secondary prevention strategies aim to preserve functional beta cells once autoimmunity is present, and tertiary prevention aims to initiate and extend partial remission of beta cell destruction after the clinical onset of T1D. The approval of teplizumab in the United States to delay the onset of clinical T1D marks an impressive milestone in diabetes care. This treatment opens the door to a paradigm shift in T1D care. People with T1D risk need to be identified early by measuring T1D related islet autoantibodies. Identifying people with T1D before they have symptoms will facilitate better understanding of pre-symptomatic T1D progression and T1D prevention strategies that may be effective. [Display omitted] •The natural history of T1D is well understood, and T1D related islet autoantibodies are measurable in serum, making it possible to consider interventions to slow the autoimmune disease process.•Predicting the timing of clinical type 1 diabetes development in people who are at risk is difficult and deserves continued study.•The first therapy to delay the onset of stage 3 type 1 diabetes was recently approved in the United States for use in people 8 years of age and older with stage 2 type 1 diabetes.