Microneedles as a potential platform for improving antibiotic delivery to bacterial infections

Bacterial infections are mainly managed by the administration of antibiotics, which are either cytotoxic or cytostatic to microbes. In some cases, it is inconvenient to treat infections caused by bacteria using the traditional oral route for antibiotic administration. This can be due to the limited oral bioavailability of antibiotics, their gastrointestinal tract (GIT) adverse effects, and the increased possibility of the appearance of resistant strains. In addition, the fact that many populations are needle-phobic restricts the switch from the oral to the parenteral route. Furthermore, poor drug permeation throughout the stratum corneum of topically applied antibiotics causes low systemic bioavailability. Therefore, microneedles (MNs) have emerged as viable medicinal devices for the delivery of antibiotics, either for local or systemic effects. MNs represent a minimally invasive, painless way of administration that can be self-administered by the patient without the need of medical professionals. This review has specifically focused on MNs as a promising approach for the delivery of antibiotics; it has discussed the different types of MNs, their advantages, and possible limitations for the delivery of antibiotics. Recent studies on the incorporation of antibiotics into various types of MNs, either for topical or transdermal delivery are highlighted, and finally, we present the conclusion and future perspectives. [Display omitted]