Evaluation of the in vitro and in vivo effect of liposomal doxorubicin along with oncolytic Newcastle disease virus on 4T1 cell line: Animal preclinical research

Background Breast cancer is one of the most common malignancies in women, with one in 20 globally. Oncolytic viruses have recently been the first step in the biological treatment of cancer, either genetically engineered or naturally occurring. They increase specifically inside cancer cells and destroy them without damaging normal tissues or producing a host immune response against tumour cells or expressing transgenes. One of the most known members of this family is the Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a natural oncolytic virus that selectively induces apoptosis and DNA fragmentation in human cancer cells. Methods This study performed biochemical and molecular investigations with variable doses of NDV (32, 64, 128 HAU) and liposomal doxorubicin (9 mg/kg) on mouse triple‐negative mammary carcinoma cell line 4T1 and BALB/c models tumours for the first time. Results Real‐time quantitative PCR analysis in NDV‐treated animal tumours showed increased expression of P21, P27 and P53 genes and decreased expression of CD34, integrin Alpha 5, VEGF and VEGF‐R genes. Additional assessments in treated mouse models also showed that NDV increased ROS production, induced apoptosis, reduced tumour size and significantly improved prognosis, with no adverse effect on normal tissues. Conclusions These findings all together might indicate that NDV in combination with chemotherapy drugs could improve prognosis in cancer patients although many more conditions should be considered.