Rethinking single-use plastic (SUP): Behavioural insights and lessons from a developing nation

Over the past sixty years, single-use plastic (SUP) waste has emerged as a critical environmental issue globally, with Vietnam ranking among the top contributors to ocean and landfill pollution. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of voluntary SUP packaging reduction initiatives in Vietnam, drawing comparisons with international practices through a rapid evidence review and semi-structured interviews with Vietnamese practitioners. Using Bragge et al.’s (2023) evaluation framework, this study identified eight exemplary initiatives: four promoting reusable packaging (through deposit systems, return programs, and refill schemes) and four recycling efforts (using door-to-door collection, voluntary drop-off points, and incentive schemes) in countries such as the Netherlands, Australia, Spain, and Canada. These international initiatives highlight the effectiveness of consumer incentives, stakeholder collaboration, and digital tracking technologies in facilitating behaviour change. In contrast, semi-structured interviews with five Vietnamese practitioners revealed critical challenges, including insufficient government support, inadequate infrastructure, high costs, and the dominance of plastic packaging options, which complicate the implementation of SUP strategies in Vietnam. However, Vietnamese practitioners also noted enabling factors, such as growing consumer awareness, regional green initiatives, and sustainable branding, community support for SUP alternatives. These findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions in developing contexts, suggesting that Vietnam could benefit from enhanced government infrastructure, financial support, and technology integration to improve SUP outcomes. For practitioners, this study provides actionable insights on leveraging consumer engagement and collaborative frameworks to support sustainable practices. Future research should investigate the long-term effectiveness of such interventions within Vietnam's specific socioeconomic landscape, providing data to inform policy and drive practical improvements in SUP strategies.