Green synthesis of gadolinium-doped bismuth oxide nanoparticles: Exploring their biological and photocatalytic activities

•Gd-Bi2O3 NPs were synthesized using aqueous leaf extract of cp leaf.•Gd-Bi2O3 NPs exhibit crystalline nature and the surface morphology of bionps reveals mono dispersed rod-like appearance.•The synthesized Gd-Bi2O3 NPs show fairly good antibacterial and lavicitial activity.•Gd-Bi2O3 NPs show photo degradation efficiency of 92 % and 72 % towards MG and MB respectively. Coldeniaprocumbens leaf extract assisted green synthesis of gadolinium-doped bismuth oxide nanoparticles (Gd-Bi2O3NPs) was demonstrated. Electron microscopic analysis indicated that the Gd-Bi2O3 has nanoflake-like shape with a narrow size distribution of 20–30 nm. FT-IR and XRD analysis confirmed the doping of Gd-ions into Bi2O3 crystal structure. The UV–vis spectral investigation was carried to know the characteristic absorbance peaks and the band gap of Gd-Bi2O3 samples. The antibacterial activity of Gd-Bi2O3 samples was evaluated against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Enterococcus faecalis. The larvicidal activity of Gd-Bi2O3 samples was also evaluated against the mosquito larvae of Aedesaegypti and Aedesalbopictus. Furthermore, the photocatalytic potential of Gd-Bi2O3 samples has been evaluated using malachite green (MG) and methylene blue (MB) dyes under visible light radiation. The green Gd-Bi2O3 samples displayed potent antibacterial, larvicidal, and photocatalytic activities, making them a promising candidate for environmental remediation applications. [Display omitted]