Characterization of Globodera ellingtonae Populations from Chile Utilizing Whole Genome Sequencing

was originally described from populations collected in the United States. In the original description, ribosomal DNA loci from sp. collected in Chile and Argentina were similar to , suggesting this nematode originated in this region of South America. In an effort to find additional populations of collection trips were conducted in 2017 and 2020 in the Antofagasta and Arica y Parinacota Regions in Northern Chile, respectively. sp. were more prevalent in Antofagasta (17 samples collected, 53% positive for sp.) than in Arica y Parincota (16 samples collected, 13% positive for sp.). The genomes of single cysts (N 3) from four fields were sequenced. Additionally, the genomes of the population from Oregon and a sp. population originally collected in Antofagasta Region but maintained in culture in France were also sequenced. Based upon a HSP90 sequenced data mined from WSG data, all of the populations from the Antofagasta Region were and grouped in a monophyletic clade. A population collected from the Arica y Parincota Region was identified as based upon HSP90 data. Genome-wide SNP patterns of the populations showed strong clustering based on geographic location indicating that has high genetic diversity within Chile. A phylogenetic tree derived from 168,354 binary SNPs in the nuclear genome showed separate but distinct clustering of the Oregon population and the population from Antofagasta maintained in France. The Oregon population subtended the Chilean clades and placed on a long branch representing approximately twice the genetic variation observed among all Chilean populations. The possibility remains that from Chile may be sufficiently diverged to constitute a new species from originally described from a population collected in Oregon.