From Natural Xanthones to Synthetic C-1 Aminated 3,4-Dioxygenated Xanthones as Optimized Antifouling Agents
Biofouling, which occurs when certain marine species attach and accumulate in artificial submerged structures, represents a serious economic and environmental issue worldwide. The discovery of new non-toxic and eco-friendly antifouling systems to control or prevent biofouling is, therefore, a practi...
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Veröffentlicht in: | Marine drugs 2021-11, Vol.19 (11), p.638 |
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Format: | Artikel |
Sprache: | eng |
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Zusammenfassung: | Biofouling, which occurs when certain marine species attach and accumulate in artificial submerged structures, represents a serious economic and environmental issue worldwide. The discovery of new non-toxic and eco-friendly antifouling systems to control or prevent biofouling is, therefore, a practical and urgent need. In this work, the antifouling activity of a series of 24 xanthones, with chemical similarities to natural products, was exploited. Nine (
,
,
,
,
,
,
,
, and
) of the tested xanthones presented highly significant anti-settlement responses at 50 μM against the settlement of mussel
larvae and low toxicity to this macrofouling species. Xanthones
and
emerged as the most effective larval settlement inhibitors (EC
= 7.28 and 3.57 µM, respectively). Additionally, xanthone
exhibited a therapeutic ratio (LC
/EC
) > 15, as required by the US Navy program attesting its suitability as natural antifouling agents. From the nine tested xanthones, none of the compounds were found to significantly inhibit the growth of the marine biofilm-forming bacterial strains tested. Xanthones
,
,
,
,
,
, and
were found to be non-toxic to the marine non-target species
( |
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ISSN: | 1660-3397 1660-3397 |
DOI: | 10.3390/md19110638 |