El metaneumovirus aviar características, prevención, tratamiento y vigilancia zoosanitaria

Avian Metapneumovirus (MPVa), a member of the Pneumoviridae family and the order Mononegavirales, presents subtypes A, B, C and D, triggering swollen head syndrome (SHS), also known as avian rhinotracheitis. Clinical signs in laying birds include decreased egg production, discolored shell, and ear infection in laying birds; clear nasal discharge, watery eyes, cloudy nasal discharge and dry cough in turkeys; tracheal congestion, jerking with runny nose in ducks; and in broilers, hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the mucous glands, facial swelling due to exudates in the paranasal sinuses and torticollis. Diagnosis is carried out by ELISA and PCR tests. The innate response of birds to pathogens involves the skin and feathers as protective barriers, as well as the mucous membranes, which block the passage of bacteria and viruses. Heterophiles, essential phagocytes, trigger innate immunity, while, in acquired immunity, B and T cells play a fundamental role. B lymphocytes mature in the bursa of Fabricius, producing IgG, IgY, IgM and IgA antibodies. Control measures for MPVa include the use of antibiotics, hygiene practices, adequate ventilation, density management, and biosecurity programs. Animal health surveillance, the responsibility of Agrocalidad, requires notifications according to OIE guidelines. Vaccination, essential to prevent the disease, is carried out with live and attenuated vaccines, following a comprehensive plan. These actions seek to mitigate the prevalence of MPVa and preserve poultry health as a whole El Metaneumovirus aviar (MPVa), miembro de la familia Pneumoviridae y de la orden Mononegavirales, presenta subtipos A, B, C y D, desencadenando el síndrome de la cabeza hinchada (SHS), también conocido como Rinotraqueitis aviar. Los signos clínicos en aves de postura abarcan la disminución en la producción de huevos, cascarón descolorido e infección del oído en aves de postura; secreción nasal clara, ojos lacrimosos, exudado nasal turbio y tos seca en pavos; congestión traqueal, sacudidas con secreción nasal en patos; y en pollos de engorde, hipertrofia e hiperplasia de las glándulas mucosas, hinchazón facial por exudados en los senos paranasales y tortícolis. El diagnóstico se lleva a cabo mediante pruebas de ELISA y PCR. La respuesta innata de las aves ante patógenos implica la piel y plumas como barreras protectoras, así como las mucosas, que bloquean el paso de bacterias y virus. Los heterófilos, fagocitos esenciales, desencadenan la inmunidad