Pádel: una mirada compleja, dinámica y no lineal en la iniciación deportiva y el entrenamiento

In contrast to traditional, reductionist and excessively mechanistic approaches, we propose that padel players are complex dynamical systems and their skill acquisition processes are non-linear. The aim of this paper is to describe the consequences of the introduction of complex systems sciences to sport training and to show two practical proposals. Some key concepts such as Constraints-led Approach, constraint, self-organization or perception-action are explained before presenting two pilot studies to modify the behavior by means of the manipulation of task constraints: a) A small sided game that scales the space and equipment to adapt it to young players of a junior school. By comparing the behavior of the girls and boys in the adapted game vs. regular game, it is suggested that there are more opportunities for greater number and variety of actions when reducing the game. B) Cruzadito is a small-sided game that limits the space and the number of players and it has been applied to three age groups. By comparing the workload of the small-sided situation vs. regular game, it is suggested that physical load can even be increased. The benefits of these proposals are discussed, considering the differences with approaches based on isolating the player from the key and specific perception-action links of padel. It is suggested that the complex, dynamic and non-linear perspective can be an excellent approach for designing learning contexts and improving athlete’s states. En contraposición a perspectivas tradicionales, reduccionistas y excesivamente mecanicistas, consideramos a las/ los jugadoras/es de pádel como sistemas dinámicos y complejos, y a sus procesos de adquisición de habilidades como no lineales. El objetivo de este artículo es el de presentar las consecuencias de la introducción de las ciencias de la complejidad en el entrenamiento y el aprendizaje y mostrar aplicaciones concretas en el pádel. Tras una aproximación a conceptos clave como Constraints-led Approach, constreñimiento, auto-organización o ciclo percepción-acción, mostramos dos estudios piloto aplicables al entrenamiento del pádel donde se modifica el comportamiento a partir de la manipulación de constreñimientos de la tarea: a) Un juego reducido que escala el espacio y equipamiento para adaptarlo a jugadoras y jugadores benjamines de una escuela de pádel. Al comparar el comportamiento de las niñas y niños en juego adaptado vs. juego reglamentario, se observó que se producía un aumento de op