Differential and sequential immunomodulatory role of neutrophils and Ly6Chi inflammatory monocytes during antiviral antibody therapy

Antiviral monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) can generate protective immunity through Fc-FcγRs interactions. We previously showed a role for immune complexes (ICs) in the enhancement of antiviral T-cell responses through FcγR-mediated activation of dendritic cells (DCs). Here we addressed how mAb therapy in retrovirus-infected mice affects the activation of neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes, two FcγR-expressing innate effector cells rapidly recruited to sites of infection. We found that both cell-types activated in vitro by viral ICs secreted chemokines able to recruit monocytes and neutrophils themselves. Moreover, inflammatory cytokines potentiated chemokines and cytokines release by IC-activated cells and induced FcγRIV upregulation. Similarly, infection and mAb-treatment upregulated FcγRIV on neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes and enhanced their cytokines/chemokines secretion. Notably, upon antibody therapy neutrophils and inflammatory monocytes displayed distinct functional activation states and sequentially modulated the antiviral immune response by secreting Th1-type polarizing cytokines and chemokines, which occurred in a FcγRIV-dependent manner. Consistently, FcγRIV- blocking in mAb-treated, infected mice led to reduced immune protection. Our work provides new findings on the immunomodulatory role of neutrophils and monocytes in the enhancement of immune responses upon antiviral mAb therapy.