Supplementary Material for: Automated Visual Acuity Evaluation Based on Preferential Looking Technique and Controlled with Remote Eye Tracking

Objective: To establish an automated visual acuity test (AVAT) for infants, based on preferential looking technique and controlled with remote eye tracking. To validate the AVAT in a group of healthy children. To compare AVAT visual acuity (VA) values with corresponding VA values acquired with standard tests (ST). Methods: ST, adapted for age (Keeler Acuity Cards in preverbal children and LEA symbols in verbal children), was performed to obtain monocular VA in a group of 36 healthy children. During AVAT, 9 different stimuli with grating circles that matched spatial frequencies of 9 Keeler Acuity Cards (ranging between 0.29 and 14.5 cycles per degree) were projected on a screen. Three repetitions of each stimulus were shown during 9-s intervals, interchanging with an attention grabber. The remote eye tracker was used to evaluate the proportion of time a child spent looking at each grating circle compared to a homogeneous gray background that matched the grating stimuli in average luminance. From this proportion of time, child’s binocular VA was evaluated. Results: Ninety-seven percent (35/36) of healthy children successfully completed ST and AVAT. There was an agreement between the results of an ST and AVAT, with Lin’s concordance coefficient being 0.53 (95% CI = 0.31–0.72). A tendency was observed toward VA overestimation on AVAT for children with VA >0.4 logMAR on ST and toward VA underestimation on AVAT for children with VA ≤0.4 logMAR on ST. Conclusions: AVAT requires a minimally skilled investigator. The evaluation of better eye monocular VA on ST and binocular VA on AVAT was comparable for healthy children.