Fig. 1 in Palatal Biomechanics and its Significance for Cranial Kinesis in Tyrannosaurus rex

Fig. 1. Postural Kinetic Competency modeling workflow followed in this study. Microcomputed Tomography data (A) are segmented to build 3D models by segmenting individual bones (or bony segments; e.g., beak, braincase) as separate elements (B). 3D models are reconstructed in kinetic postures with individual elements realistically articulated (C). The resulting models are imported into Strand7 as stereolithographical files and are meshed using 4-node tetrahedra (D). Meshed models are prepared for finite element analysis (FEA) by mapping muscles on the surface and eliminating tetrahedra in joint areas (E1). Beams are attached to the facing sides of joint surfaces and are given material properties reflecting capsular or sutural ligaments (E2). The resulting finite element model is loaded using distributed muscle forces via the BoneLoad MATLAB program and Strand7 FEA software (F).