Political Affinity on Firm and Environmental Measurement: Upstream Oil and Gas Companies

According to the data, the majority of upstream oil and gas companies are held by national, state, or government entities. Furthermore, regardless of its ownership, political affinities exist in the majority of upstream oil and gas companies. Private and public corporations that have board-political ties enable organizations to be controlled, improved reputations and enhance company performance. Companies with these connections can easily opt for ISO certification for environmental management, and even if they are not ISO-certified, they can maintain investor trust due to a strong relationship with the government.