A review on phytochemical and pharmacological potential of Bhut Jolokia (a cultivar of Capsicum chinense Jacq.)

Bhut Jolokia (Capsicum chinense), popularly known as the “ghost chilli,” renowned for its extreme heat and distinctive flavour is a hybrid derived from a cross between C. chinense and Capsicum frutescens. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the applications of C. chinense in pharmacy and its potential benefits in managing different diseases. Through an extensive literature search, this review explores the phytochemical composition of C. chinense, with a particular focus on its active compound, capsaicin. The pharmacological properties of capsaicin, including its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities, are discussed in detail. Moreover, the review highlights the potential mechanisms of action underlying the therapeutic effects of C. chinense. Several disease conditions are examined in this review, including pain management, arthritis, gastrointestinal disorders, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, diabetes, and cancer. The evidence from preclinical studies, and in vitro experiments supporting the use of C. chinense and capsaicin in these diseases is summarized. Recent advancements in capsaicin-based formulation approaches for managing diseases are described in this work. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the optimal dosage, formulation, and long-term safety profile of C. chinense-based therapies.