The immune response in COVID-19 and its outcomes: contribution of risk factors

The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, has resulted in a global health crisis that has highlighted the importance of understanding the host immune response to viral infections. Although the immune system plays a crucial role in controlling viral replication and preventing serious disease, dysregulated immune responses can lead to severe tissue damage and multiple organ failure, as seen in severe cases of COVID-19. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the immune response to SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the balance between protective and harmful immune responses. We describe the early innate immune response, including the role of interferons and inflammasomes, as well as the adaptive immune response. Furthermore, we discuss the mechanisms of immune dysregulation observed in severe cases of COVID-19, such as cytokine storm and autoimmunity. Finally, we highlight the importance of ongoing research into the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in developing effective treatments and vaccines. This article discusses the effects of the immune response to COVID-19 and how risk factors may impact these outcomes.