Bovine thoracic Ectopia cordis in southeastern Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

This study describes and illustrates a case of thoracic ectopia cordis (EC) in a cross-bred calf in the southeastern region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. A cow suffering from dystocia due to fetal static gave birth to a calf with the heart and pericardial sac outside the thoracic cavity and respiratory distress. The animal survived for 40 min after giving birth. EC is defined as the complete or partial displacement of the heart out of the thoracic cavity. It is a rare birth defect in the fusion of the anterior chest wall, which results in the extrathoracic location of the heart. Three possible theories for the development of this condition have been described in animals: the first is related to a primary failure in the descent of the heart and fusion of the midline of the body, the second is associated with rupture of the amnion, and the third is associated with amniotic band syndrome. Toxic plants, inbreeding, and some pharmacological compounds have been associated with the development of the anomaly. However, in most cases, the precise cause of the appearance of the malformation is unknown. This animal was considered a sporadic case of EC. EC has been described more frequently in cattle, although there are reports in other species, such as dogs, cats, and sheep. Treatment can be surgical, but this procedure is rarely an option.