Genetics and Breeding of Jack and Lodgepole Pines in Canada

Genetic variation of jack pine and lodgepole pine is reviewed in relation to artificial regeneration in Canada. Broad patterns of variation conform to adaptational gradients in relation to latitude, length of growing season, temperature, and altitude. Intensive selection and breeding to increase productivity of these species has been initiated recently by a number of agencies in Canada but it will be some time before superior seed is available from seed orchards.Natural populations of jack pine and lodgepole pine will continue to supply bulk quantities of seed. Early improvement in the genetic quality of seed for reforestation will be made by the proper choice of seed source. Until provenance tests provide more definitive answers to seed movement, seed should be collected locally, i.e. within the geo-climatic zone in which it is to be used. Stands of good phenotypic quality should be designated for seed production well in advance of anticipated requirements for seed. Such stands may be developed as seed production areas or incorporated into harvesting schedules. Accurate records of seed origin should be maintained from seed collection to outplanting or direct seeding to provide a basis for future selection of prime sources for seed collection and of breeding stock.