Nano vesicular topical drug delivery system: Types, structural components, preparation techniques, and characterizations

Nano vesicles, one of several existing nanoscale drug delivery systems, offer extremely promising new ways to develop treatments for degenerative diseases, cancer, and inflammation. The primary goals in developing nanocarriers are to control particle size, surface characteristics, and drug release to achieve specific objectives. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately characterize nanocarriers to effectively regulate their intended behavior both in clinical settings and in the body. Nanocarriers are characterized by their size, structure, and charged state, which are determined by sophisticated microscopic methods such as scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Electron microscopy is used to evaluate the surface morphology and size of particles, while dynamic light scattering and photon correlation spectroscopy are used to estimate particle size and size distribution. Colloidal stability is determined by zeta potential, which is an indirect measure of surface charge, and differential scanning calorimetry is used to characterize particles and drug interactions.