Why Nations Respond to COVID-19 Pandemic Differently? An Undesirable Output Data Envelopment Analysis Model

This study analyzes the efficiency of 122 countries in responding to the COVID-19 pandemic, using an Undesirable Output Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) model. The research identifies critical factors influencing national efficiency, including testing rates, healthcare infrastructure, and socioeconomic conditions. The study finds a strong correlation between higher testing rates and increased efficiency, underscoring the importance of widespread testing in pandemic management. Developed countries, particularly those with universal healthcare systems, generally exhibited greater efficiency in handling the pandemic compared to their less developed counterparts. These findings highlight the role of robust healthcare systems and strategic investments in public health in enhancing national resilience against global health crises. In addition, the study addresses gaps in the current research by integrating multiple factors and analyzing their collective impact on national responses. The results emphasize the necessity for policymakers to prioritize healthcare infrastructure, expand testing capacities, and ensure universal healthcare coverage to improve pandemic preparedness and response. This research contributes to the ongoing debate on global health security by providing empirical evidence that supports the need for comprehensive strategies to manage future pandemics effectively.