Effectiveness and Challenges of the United Nations Mission in Darfur in Addressing Conflict Dynamics in Sudan, 2003-2023

This study examines the challenges faced by the United Nations Mission mitigation of the Darfur conflict between 2003 and 2023. This study was guided by the two complementary theories namely; the just war theory and Responsibility to Protect (R2P) theory in understanding the United Nations humanitarian intervention in the Darfur conflict. This study took the form of an exploratory research design to examine the escalation of violence despite efforts to restore peace and stability in Darfur. To achieve its objectives, this study targeted representatives of regional and international humanitarian organizations in Darfur, Sudan, members of civil society, academicians, government officials, security experts and the Sudanese population living in Kenya. Purposive and snow balling sampling techniques were employed in to identify respondents for field interviews. The main instruments for data collection included structured questionnaires with closed ended questions sand key informant interviews with open ended questions. This study identified patterns and trends that can inform future policy and intervention strategies in Darfur and similar contexts by examining the temporal evolution of the conflict and the corresponding humanitarian interventions. This study highlighted the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach in addressing both the immediate humanitarian needs and the underlying structural factors contributing to the conflict. This study further shed light on the complexities and challenges associated with addressing protracted conflicts like the one in Darfur. The analysis underscored the importance of sustained engagement, long-term development initiatives, and inclusive peace-building processes in achieving lasting stability and justice in conflict-affected regions.