Transcatheter arterial chemoembolization and radiofrequency ablation in a joint venture with immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma patients

Successive current trials using immune response checkpoint blockade, the systemic therapy for progressive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has shifted dramatically towards targeting the tumor microenvironment (TME). Locoregional therapies (LRTs) like radiofrequency ablation (RFA)/rhizotomy, trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) and surgical resection in the initial stages are critical. LRTs perform the crucial task of modulating the immune system surrounding the tumor, which is of great importance in the prevailing era of developing immuno-oncology treatments and their direct effect on tumor cells. Significant efforts are needed in exploring the mechanisms of latest combinational approach to boost clinical advantage with tolerable side effects. The present review highlights the tumor microenvironment of HCC followed by current immunotherapeutic approaches for HCC. Next, we discussed the concealed mechanisms of LRTs given in combination with immunotherapy and their utilization in clinical practice.