Obesity from Clinical Evaluation to Management Local Perspective

For over two millennia, physicians have been aware of the morbidity and mortality linked to overweight and obesity. Various definitions of obesity, as outlined by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC), utilize the Body Mass Index (BMI) to characterize these conditions. Screening for high-risk patients is crucial for guiding lifestyle changes, treatment decisions, and risk reduction strategies.1,2 The assessment involves clinical and laboratory studies to categorize the type and severity of obesity, forming the foundation for effective management. Globally, the prevalence of obesity in 2015 exhibited a rising trend in females compared to males. Between 1980 and 2015, the prevalence surged from 11.1% to 38.3% for males aged 25 to 29 in low to middle-income countries.3 Pakistan ranks tenth among 188 countries, with half of its population classified as overweight or obese. Alarming projections from the World Obese Federation estimate that 5.4 million Pakistani school-aged children will grapple with obesity by 2030, emphasizing the dual challenges of overnutrition and poor nutrition.4,5 World Health Organization data indicates that 58.1% of Pakistanis are overweight, with 43.9% classified as obese. Asian cutoffs, though not globally recognized, suggest that 72.3% of Pakistanis are overweight, with obesity affecting 58.1% of the population. Research by Danielle H. Bodicoat et al. suggests an obesity threshold of 25 kg/m2 for South Asian individuals, coupled with a very high Waist Circumference (WC).6 A WC ≥ 31 inches (80cm) in Asian females and ≥ 35 inches (90cm) in Asian males is considered abnormal. The primary rationale for managing obesity is to mitigate morbidity, including conditions like diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia, heart disease, stroke, sleep apnea, and cancer, ultimately reducing mortality. The initial step in managing obesity involves screening to determine the degree of overweight using BMI and waist circumference measurements. However, studies reveal that only 6% of individuals receive ongoing care for weight management, such as prescriptions for obesity medication or referrals to dieticians.7,8 BMI classifications, primarily based on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, may underestimate risks for conditions like diabetes in the Asian population. Beyond BMI, measuring waist circumference is essential for identifying adults at increased risk for morbidity and mortality, especially in the BM